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^LECIONO 4.
-(4 = kvar)
-
.
-Claudia, Gila, Vera and Masao have meanwhile grown hungry. Claudia asks
-the others:
)Kie ni povas man{i?
-That isn't too difficult to translate, is it? ("ni" means 'we')
.
-Claudia asks: 'Where can we eat?'
-
-Masao suggests:
<Ni povas iri \Qal la man{ejo.
-What does he say? (iri = to go, al = to)
.
-'We can go to the dining room.'
-
-Claudia hasn't found the time to look around yet, so she asks:
)Sed kie trovi{as la man{ejo?
-Gila points forwards and says:
(Tie {i estas!
-What do these sentences mean? (trovi{i = to be (situated), {i = it)
.
-Claudia: 'But where is the dining room?'
-Gila: 'There it is!'
-
-The four meet Lui{i. He asks them:
>Kien vi iras?
-Can you translate his question? (kien = (to) where, in what direction)
.
-Lui{i asks: 'Where are you going?'
-
-You can see that "vi" can be used not only to address one person, but
-several people as well - just like the English 'you'. Again like in in
-English, there's no special polite form - "vi" is the only personal pro-
-noun in the second person.
.
-
-You surely remember the word-pair
^*kie? - tie!
-('where?' - 'there!').
#"kien?" meaning '(to) where?', so what does #tien!# mean?#
-"Tien!" means '(to) there!'.
-You can also match these words in the other way:
-where? - (to) where?   |   there! - (to) there!
>kie?   - kien?         %|\-\-   tie!   - tien!
-What distinguishes the first word of each pair from the second one
-(formally and in meaning)?
.
-The first word expresses a static location, the second one a direction.
-The second word takes a "-n" at the end.
-As Esperanto is a regular language, you can do this with every word ex-
-pressing a location that you learn in the future. (And you must do it if
-you want to express a direction. The words without "-n" ONLY denote a
-static location!)
.
-
-Vera anwers Lui{i now (please translate immediately):
(Ni iras tien, al la man{ejo.
-Vera says: 'We are going there, to the dining room.'
-
-Claudia asks Lui{i:
)du vi ne volas iri kun ni?
-Can you imagine what "ne" means here (and hence the whole sentence)?
.
-"ne" means 'not'. (Up to now we know the word in the sense of 'no'.)
-Claudia asks: 'Don't you want to go with us?'.
-
-Another example:
>Mi ne venas el Francio.
-'I do not come from France.'
-Note that there is no equivalent for 'do' - just as in questions.
-It has been stated that there's almost no rule about word order in
-Esperanto. Yet here is one: The word "ne" is generally found in front of
-the verb ("ne venas").
-However, if you want to negate a certain word in a sentence, you have
-to put "ne" in front of this word. For example:
>Lena amas ne min.
-'It isn't me who Lena loves.'
>Ne Lena amas min.
-'It isn't Lena who loves me.'
-But:
>Lena ne amas min.
-'Lena doesn't love me.'
-
-In case this is to complicated for you: If you put "ne" in front of the
-verb, it's almost always right. You should know though, that this word
-cannot be placed as arbitrarily as many other words and phrases in
-Esperanto.
.
-
-But now back to our conversation:
-Claudia has just asked Lui{i if he doesn't want to go with them.
-He answers:
+
>Ne, mi ne iras kun vi. Mi us ve\7nas de la man{ejo.
-Here you find a new letter, the . It's pronounced, like the s in
-'measure' is ("us" means 'just'). Again:
>*us.
-
-Read Lui{i's sentences aloud. Do you notice anything distinguishing 
-from {? Compare these sounds with  and e as well.
.
-{ sounds like d+, e like t+. { and  are voiced, e and  are their
-voiceless counterparts.
-
-Now try to translate Lui{i's sentences.
.
-Lui{i says: 'No, I'm not going with you. I'm just coming from the dining
-room.
-
-Masao is astonished and says (translate at once, please):
<Aha\7, vi us ve\7nas de tie!
-'Aha, you are just coming from there!'
-
-Now ask Lui{i from where he's coming, where he is and where he's going.
.
~Lui{i, de kie vi venas, kie vi estas kaj kien vi iras?
-Lui{i anwers:
>Mi venas de la man{ejo, mi estas en la koridoro, kaj mi iras al la dormejo.
-Do you understand what he has said?
.
-'I'm coming from the dining room, I am in the corridor, and I'm going to
-the dormitory.' ("koridoro" = 'corridor')
-
-Meanwhile Claudia, Gila, Vera and Masao have arrived in the dining room.
-Claudia says:
)Aha\7, ti\6o estas la man{ejo!
-Vera answers:
(Jes. Tio estas la man{ejo.
-You surely understood that, didn't you? ("tio" = 'that')
.
-Claudia: 'Aha, that is the dining room.'
-Vera: 'Yes. That is the dining room.'
-
-They sit down next to Valentin, who is eating a pizza.
-Claudia doesn't know Valentin yet, so Vera introduces him:
(Tio estas Va\5lentin*.
-Can you take Vera's place now and introduce Claudia?
.
(Tio estas %C\Kl%a%u\A\W\5dia*.
-Claudia and Valentin say a quick hallo to one another.
-That's easy for you now, isn't it?
.
)Saluton, Va\5lentin*!
>Saluton,  %C\Kl%a%u\A\W\5dia*.
-
-Masao looks at Valentin's plate and asks:
<Kio estas tio?
-Can you guess what he has asked?
.
-'What is that?'
-Does something strike you?
.
-"kio?" and "tio!" ('what?' and 'that!') are akin to each other just like
-"kie?" and "tie!" ('where?' and 'there!').
-
-Valentin answers:
>Tio estas pico.
-What does that mean? (pico = pizza)
.
-'That's pizza.' or 'That's a pizza.'
-
-Masao continues asking:
<du la pico estas varma?
-Can you guess how this question is translated into English?
.
-'Is the pizza warm?'
-
-"varma" = 'warm' is an adjective. Adjectives describe a noun. They can be
-used in two ways, in both English and Esperanto:
-1. They can be placed directly in front of a noun: 'I have a warm pizza.'
-2. They can be placed - as here - after the verb: 'The pizza is warm.'
-   In this case the verb is usually "esti" - 'to be'.
-In both cases the adjective 'warm' describes the pizza (the noun).
.
-
-NB.: In Esperanto all adjectives end in "-a"!
-     Mnemonic: A as in Adjective.
-
-Here are some more examples:
.
&bona            - good
&granda          - big, large
&longa           - long
&bela            - beautiful
&nova            - new
.
-
-Now answer for Valentin and say to Vera that the pizza is warm.
.
>Jes, la pico estas varma.
-
-What would the answer be if you wanted to say that the pizza wasn't warm?
>Ne, la pico ne estas varma.
-I hope you have put the "ne" in the right place: in front of the "estas".
-
-Valentin could also say, for example:
>La pico ne estas varma, {i estas malvarma.
-What could that mean?
.
-'The pizza is not warm, it's cold.'
-(But in that case Valentin wouldn't be likely to eat the pizza with such
-relish.)
-
-You have noticed: "mal-" turns 'warm' into its opposite, 'cold'. That
-works with other words too:
.
##ami       - malami      # to love   - to hate
##amiko     - malamiko    # friend    - enemy
##bona      - malbona     # good      - bad
.
-
-As you can see, "mal-" is a really fantastic device: In using it you save
-yourself a sizable piece of vocabulary learning. You only have to learn
-one half of all opposite pairs - the other half can be formed with "mal-".
-If you need the word for 'ugly', you take 'beautiful' and put "mal-" in
-front of it. It's as simple as that.
-
-Try to find out what the following words mean:
)malbela - malgranda - mallonga - malnova
-ugly    - small     - short    - old (opposite to 'new', not to 'young')
-
-To begin with you'll probably find having to "assemble" your vocabulary
-unfamiliar. But when you have worked on it a bit, it will become second
-nature for you.
-
-Before moving on to the summary, try to find out what the meaning of
##malo# could be.#
-The ending "-o" shows that it's a noun. Hence: "malo" = '(an) opposite'.
-
-In Esperanto you can make an independent word out of EVERY word construct-
-ion syllable by appending the ending for the desired part of speech ("-o"
-for a noun, "-a" for an adjective, "-i" for a verb in infinitive form
-etc.) Of course, not every word construction syllable makes sense with all
-the endings. A feasible word, however, is
>ejo.
-"Ejo" means 'place', 'room'.
-
1
-SUMMARY
-
-The following sentence-forms occurred in this lesson:
.
^Ni povas iri al la man{ejo.
~Kie trovi{as la man{ejo?
^Kien vi iras?
^du vi volas iri kun ni?
^Mi ne amas vin. - Mi amas ne vi\7n.
^Mi us venas de la man{ejo.
~Kio estas tio?
^Tio estas pico.
^La pico estas malvarma.
.
-
-About grammar:
-1. The word "ne" means 'no' and 'not' as well. In the sense of 'not' it is
-   usually placed in front of the verb. Only if a certain part of the
-   sentence is to be negated, does "ne" stand directly in front of this
-   part. Apart from this "ne", a negative sentence corresponds exactly
-   to the respective positive sentence:
>   Mi iras al la man{ejo. Mi ne iras al la man{ejo.
-2. Adjectives have the ending "-a". They describe the qualities of a noun:
>   la varma pico
-   = 'the warm pizza'.
-3. The word construction syllable "mal-" forms the opposite of a word:
)   varma - malvarma.
-   warm  - cold.
.
-
-About pronunciation:
-Now we have used almost all the letters of the Esperanto alphabet:
-a b c e d e f g { h i j  k l m n o p r s  t u  v z
-
-They are pronounced as follows:
.
+
#a: #varma# ('warm'): as in 'fast' (British pronunciation), but shorter.
#c: #pico# ('pizza'): t+s (like zz in 'pizza').
#e: #eu# (question word): like ch in 'check'.
#e: #veni# ('to come'): as in 'set'.
#g: #gitaro# ('guitar'): always as in 'get', 'gold'.
#{: #man{i# ('to eat'): like g in 'gentle'.
#i: #iri# ('to go'): between the i in 'it' and the e in 'he'.
#j: #jes# ('yes'): like the English consonant 'y'.
#: #us# ('just'): like s in 'measure'.
-({ and  are the voiced correspondants to e and .)
.
#o: #longa# ('long'): as in 'shop' (British pronunciation).
#s: #teniso# ('tennis'): always voiceless.
#: #dui# ('to have a shower'): like English 'sh'.
#u: #kun# ('with'): as in 'put'.
#: #ankora# ('still'): short u.
-( mainly occurs in the combination "a".)
-
-The pronunciation of the rest of the letters is principally as in
-English; but if you can, speak a clear l and a trilled r.
.
-
-New words:
&al              - to
&bela            - beautiful
&bona            - good
&granda          - big, large
##{i             # - it
&iri             - to go
##us            # - just
&kien?           - (to) where? (expressing a direction)
&kio?            - what?
&longa           - long
.
&koridoro        - corridor
&ne              - no, not
&nova            - new
&pico            - pizza
&tia             - such a
&tien            - (to) there (expressing a direction)
&tio             - that
##trovi{i        # - to be situated / located
&varma           - warm
.
-
-And now some exercises:
-
-Please translate the following sentences:
-1. What is that?
-2. Where are you going? To the shower room?
-3. I'm going to Egon and Vera. Do you want to come with me?
-4. No, I don't want to go there.
-5. That is cold pizza!
.
-
-When you have finished, look at the answers:
.
>Kio estas tio?
>Kien vi iras? du al la duejo?
>Mi iras al Egon kaj Vera. du vi volas veni kun mi?
>Ne, mi ne volas iri tien.
>Tio estas malvarma pico!
-
-Now it's time to take a breather again. Allow yourself a break!
.
*
