2normal_config.
2alter.config.
2listen_only
2print
0lesson3
T124
\
^LECIONO 2.
-(2 = du)
-
.
-If you know what the grammar terms 'subject' and 'object' mean, you won't
-have any problems with the following sentences. If you are not so sure
-about these terms, it will probably be quite hard work. But it pays to do
-it diligently. In Esperanto you always have to distinguish between subject
-and object, between nominative and accusative.
.
-Take the sentence:
-'He speaks Esperanto.'
-In this sentence 'speaks' is the verb, 'he' is the person who speaks, and
-'Esperanto' is what he speaks.
-The word that describes who does something is called the 'subject'.
-The word that the action of the verb is directed on is called the 'object'.
-(It needn't be only one word. The subject or object may consist of several
-words.)
-So what in our sentence 'He speaks Esperanto.' is the subject and what the
-object?
.
-'He' is the subject and 'Esperanto' the object.
-
-Now try to find out the object in the following sentences.
-1. Mike collects his girl-friend Jill from school.
.
-'his girl-friend Jill'
-2. She invites him for tea.
.
-'him'
-3. He has baked a fruit cake.
.
-'a fruit cake'
-4. While they are drinking tea, they forget everything else.
-(Here the subclause has an object, and the main clause has one; so you
-have to find two expressions.)
.
-'tea', 'everything else'.
-NB.: Not every sentence has an object.
-Example: Peter is running through the park.
.
-In English the subject and object are determined by their position in the
-sentence: The subject is usually placed before the verb, the object after
-it. This determination isn't possible in Esperanto. Perhaps you remember:
-The word order isn't fixed. So a different identification is
-necessary, so that an object can be distinguished from a subject.
.
-Our example sentence is in Esperanto:
>Li parolas Esperanton.
-Can you guess, how objects are marked in Esperanto?
.
-On the end of every object an "-n" is appended as its last letter!!!
-More precisely: every direct object (accusative object). For the moment
-we won't treat indirect objects.
.
-You remember the Esperanto words for 'I' and 'you', don't you?
.
>*mi. vi.
-"amo" means 'love' (the noun: [the] love). Can you guess how to say '[I/
-you/he/she/...] love(s)'?
.
>*amas.
-Now you can surely translate the following sentence:
>Mi amas vin!
.
-It means: 'I love you!'.
-You see that "-n" isn't only appended to nouns, but to pronouns like "mi"
-and "vi" as well.
-Pronouns have accusative forms in English too. (But they're quite irregu-
-lar, aren't they? 'I - me', 'you' - stays the same, 'he - him', 'she -
-her' and so on.)
-This helps us to distinguish a subject from an object: If you can replace
-an expression by 'they', so that the sentence stays grammatically correct
-(not necessarily with the same meaning), it's a subject; if you can re-
-place it by 'them' (not 'to them', 'for them' or something like that, but
-only 'them'), it's an object and hence takes an "-n" in Esperanto.
-
-Well, how do you say: 'You love me.'?
.
>Vi amas min.
-
-As you can see, a noun (or pronoun) can have different forms, depending on
-whether it's a subject or an object:
-The 'subject form' is called nominative.
-The 'object form'  is called accusative.
-(In Esperanto there are only these two cases, unlike languages such as
-German, Russian and many more.)
.
-An example:
-'A dog barks.' ('a dog' is subject => nominative case.)
-'Jenny has a dog.' ('a dog' is object => accusative case.)
-The same sentences in Esperanto (You needn't memorize the words yet):
>Hundo bojas. %J\Jen%n%y$I havas hundon.
-
-Now let's go over to the Esperanto meeting again.
-
-Karola is talking with zanfranko from Italy. She says:
+
)Mi atas Italion!
-A new Esperanto letter occurs here: .
-Two other words containing :
>*fio. ipo.
-fish.  ship.
-Now repeat Karola's sentence aloud!
)*Mi atas Italion.
-"ati" is the Esperanto word for 'to like'.
-(The infinitive (basic form) of Esperanto words always ends in "-i".
-This will be treated thoroughly in the next lesson. But you should already
-know it, because verbs are usually quoted in this form.)
-
-Can you translate Karola's sentence?
.
-'I like Italy!'
-
-Peter is talking with Ferenc, a Hungarian boy. He says:
<Mi atas sporton!
-Please repeat the sentence aloud, and try to translate it.
.
-That means: 'I like sport!'
-
-Meanwhile Peter mentions:
<Mi ludas futbalon.
-"ludi" means 'play'. Can you guess what "futbalo" means?
.
-"Mi ludas futbalon" means 'I play football'. ("futbalo" can be used for
-all kinds of football, but will normally be understood as 'soccer'.)
-
-Ferenc answers:
>Mi ludas tenison.
-That's no problem to translate now, is it?
.
-'I play tennis.'
-
-Meanwhile Roland is talking with Karola and Vera.
-Please speak the sentences of the conversation aloud (like all Esperanto
-sentences) and try to translate them at once.
-Roland says:
>Mi atas muzikon.
-'I like music.'
-Note the spelling of "muziko". Because for each letter there's only one
-prononciation (for "s" it's the voiceless 's'-sound), the "z" is always
-used when the voiced sound is meant.
-
-Karola:
)Mi atas la muzikon de $JU\4 %2$T$U\4.
-"la" means 'the'. Can you translate?
.
-'I like the music by U 2.' Notice that for mentioning an author
-"de" is used, a word that we know already in the sense of 'from'.
-(Please translate the following sentences too.)
-Vera:
(Mi atas la muzikon de la B%e%a$I\6tl%e%s\Z.
-'I like the music by the Beatles.'
-Roland:
<H\A\Xm! - Mi atas la muzikon de Be\6etho\1ven!
-'Hm! I like the music by Beethoven!'
-Vera adds:
(Mi ludas gitaron.
-'I play the guitar.'
-Do you see a difference between Esperanto and English?
.
-In English the definite article is used: 'the guitar', wheras in Esperanto
-it's only "gitaro".
-Esperanto makes relatively little use of the definite article "la". After
-all, Vera doesn't mean a certain guitar, but that she can play any guitar.
-
-Karola guesses: ("certe" = 'surely', 'certainly'; "piano" = 'piano')
)Roland, vi certe ludas pianon.
-'Roland, you surely play the piano.'
-Roland answers:
>Jes, mi ludas pianon.
-Yes, I play the piano.
-("Jes" comes from the English word 'yes'. You already know, that the sound
-of English 'y' is written "j" in Esperanto. The letter "y" doesn't exist
-in Esperanto.)
.
-
-In the evening Mariola from Poland, Pierre from France and Katja from
-Germany meet in the "gastejo", the small restaurant specially set up for
-the Esperanto meeting. They order:
-Mariola:
)Mi deziras mendi teon!
-Pierre:
>Mi deziras mendi kafon!
-Katja:
)Mi deziras mendi bieron!
-(A little help: "deziri" means 'to wish', "mendi" means 'to order'.)
-Can you guess what they order?
.
-Mariola: 'I wish to (or: I'd like to) order a tea!'
~*Mi deziras mendi teon!
-Pierre: 'I'd like to order a coffee!'
^*Mi deziras mendi kafon!
-Katja: 'I'd like to order a beer'
~*Mi deziras mendi bieron!
-Comparing the English and the Esperanto sentences, does something strike
-you?
.
-In the Esperanto sentences there's no equivalent for 'a'.
-This can be generalized: In Esperanto there's NO indefinite article.
-
-Either the definite article is used:
##la amiko # - the friend#
-or there's nothing before the noun:
##amiko    # - a friend#
.
-Now it's your turn to order something in the Esperanto restaurant!
-(Sorry, there is only tea, coffee or beer at the moment.)
.
^Mi deziras mendi teon!
-or:
^Mi deziras mendi kafon!
-or:
^Mi deziras mendi bieron!
.
-In order to get some practice, please translate the following sentences
-into Esperanto:
-Karola likes Italy.
.
)Karola atas Italion.
-I like sport.
.
>Mi atas sporton.
-Peter plays football.
.
>Pe\5ter ludas futbalon.
-I play tennis.
.
>Mi ludas tenison.
-(A question aside: Do you remember the word for 'and'?)
.
>kaj.
-Now you can surely translate the following sentence as well:
-Karola, Vera and Roland like music.
.
)Karola, Vera kaj Roland atas muzikon.
-Vera plays the guitar and Roland plays the piano.
.
>Vera ludas gitaron kaj Roland ludas pianon.
-Karola likes the music by U 2, Vera the music by the Beatles.
.
>Karola atas la muzikon de $JU\4 %2$T$U\4, Vera la muzikon de la B%e%a$I\6tl%e%s\Z.
-Roland, you surely like the music by Hndel and Bach.
.
)Ro\5land, vi certe atas la muzikon de H%$E\5ndel kaj Ba\5%c%h\/\C.
-Mariola would like to order a tea, Pierre a coffee and Katja a beer.
.
<Mariola deziras mendi teon, Pie\5r%r%e kafon kaj Katja bieron.
-
-Well, that's the end of the second lesson already. You will have noticed
-that since the beginning of  lesson 2 you have already used a lot of words
-with the accusative ending "-n". When you start speaking Esperanto more
-fluently - as you soon will - you'll often have to ask yourself whether
-you have to append an accusative-"n" to a certain word in your sentence,
-or whether it's in nominative case, i.e. without "-n".
-But once you have a good grasp of the accusative-"n", you have made con-
-siderable progress with Esperanto, and you won't have any problems in any
-other language to distinguish 'subject' and 'object', 'nominative case'
-and 'accusative case'.
.
-Now let's look at the
-
1
-SUMMARY
-In this lesson the following sentence-forms occurred:
.
^Mi amas vin!
^Mi atas Italion.
^Mi deziras mendi bieron.
^Mi ludas gitaron.
^Mi atas la muzikon de $JU\4 %2$T$U\4.
.
-
-About grammar:
-The word that describes who does something is called 'subject'.
-The form of a word that is a subject is called the 'nominative case'.
-Esperanto words don't have any special ending in nominative case (exept the
-one that indicates the part of speech, e. g. "-o" for a noun: muzik-o).
.
-The word an action is directed on is called 'object'.
-The form of a word that is direct object is called the 'accusative case'.
-Esperanto words have the ending "-n" in accusative case: muzik-o-n.
-So remember: A direct object in Esperanto can be recognized by the letter
-"-n" at the end of the word concerned!
.
-The "-n" can be appended not only to words ending in "-o" (nouns, that
-is), but likewise to other words, for example pronouns like "mi". Only
-names from other languages, that aren't Esperanto words (e.g. Claudia),
-are to be found mostly without "-n" in the accusative - it's a matter of
-taste.
.
-Most of the English pronouns have different forms for subject and object
-as well. So you can find out if an expression is an object by replacing it
-by an appropriate pronoun.
.
-
-As in English, there's only one definite article in Esperanto: "la".
-There's no indefinite article. Where you use the indefinite article ('a /
-an') in English, in Esperanto no article is used.
-Sometimes in English we use the definite article, though we don't mean a
-certain thing, but generally the thing expressed by the word (e.g. 'I play
-the guitar). Also in these cases the Esperanto article isn't used:
>Mi ludas gitaron.
-
-About pronuciation:
-You have learnt the new letter "":
>*ati.
-
-New words:
&ami             - to love
&biero           - beer
&certe           - surely, certainly
&de              - by (indicating an author; you already know the word "de"
-                      with the meaning 'from')
&deziri          - to wish, to desire
-("deziras" also: (I, you, ...) would like to)
&futbalo         - football
&gitaro          - guitar
&jes             - yes
&kafo            - coffee
&la              - the
&ludi            - to play
.
&mendi           - to order
&min             - me (accusative case of "mi" - 'I')
&muziko          - music
&piano           - piano
&sporto          - sport
##ati           # - to like
&teniso          - tennis
&teo             - tea
&vin             - you (accusative case)
.
-Finally a translation exercise.
-Translate orally and written:
-1. I like Sweden.
-2. Katja likes sport.
-3. Katja plays tennis.
-4. Karola and Pierre like the music by 'Genesis'.
-5. Ferenc plays the guitar and likes the music by An{elo Branduardi.
-6. Masao from Japan likes Germany ... and likes Claudia.
-     (Well, do you remember the first lesson?)
-7. Ferenc orders a coffee, and zamal a tea.
-8. Mariola and Peter would like to order a beer.
.
-Have you finished?
.
>Mi atas Svedion.
>Katja atas sporton.
>Katja ludas tenison.
>Karola kaj Pie\5r%r%e atas la muzikon de %G\Je\5nesis*.
>Fe\5renc ludas gitaron kaj atas la muzikon de An{elo Brandua\6rdi.
>Masao el Japanio atas Germanion -- kaj atas %C\Kl%a%u\A\W\5dia*.
-  (or just as correct: "... atas Claudian.")
>Fe\5renc mendas kafon, kaj zamal teon.
>Mariola kaj Pe\5ter deziras mendi bieron.
.
-
-Now you really deserve a break.
-
-Before starting with the next lesson, repeat this one. You'd best repeat
-the first lesson as well. (You can go through it quickly, of course.)
.
*
